在 Linux 中，内核和内核模块还有另一种机制可以将信息发送到进程 --- 即/proc文件系统。最初设计目的是为了方便访问有关进程的信息（因此得名），现在内核的每个部分都使用它来报告一些有趣的东西，例如/proc/modules它包含模块列表，以及/proc/meminfo它包含内存使用统计信息。
使用 proc 文件系统的方法与设备驱动程序中使用的方法非常相似 --- 您创建一个结构，其中包含/proc文件所需的所有信息，包括指向任何处理函数的指针（在我们的例子中只有一个，即当有人尝试从/proc文件读取时调用的函数）。然后，init_module向内核注册该结构，而cleanup_module取消注册它。
我们使用proc_register_dynamic[1] 是因为我们不想提前确定用于我们文件的 inode 号，而是允许内核确定它以防止冲突。普通文件系统位于磁盘上，而不是仅在内存中（/proc就是这种情况），在这种情况下，inode 号是指向磁盘位置的指针，文件索引节点（简称 inode）位于该位置。inode 包含有关文件的信息，例如文件权限，以及指向可以找到文件数据的磁盘位置的指针。
因为当文件打开或关闭时我们不会被调用，所以我们没有地方放置MOD_INC_USE_COUNT和MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT在这个模块中，如果文件被打开然后模块被移除，则无法避免后果。在下一章中，我们将看到一种更难实现但更灵活的处理/proc文件的方法，这种方法也允许我们防止这个问题。
例 5-1. procfs.c
/* procfs.c - create a "file" in /proc
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 by Peter Jay Salzman
*
* 08/02/2006 - Updated by Rodrigo Rubira Branco <rodrigo@kernelhacking.com>
*/
/* Kernel Programming */
#define MODULE
#define LINUX
#define __KERNEL__
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
/* Deal with CONFIG_MODVERSIONS */
#if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS==1
#define MODVERSIONS
#include <linux/modversions.h>
#endif
/* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
/* In 2.2.3 /usr/include/linux/version.h includes a
* macro for this, but 2.0.35 doesn't - so I add it
* here if necessary. */
#ifndef KERNEL_VERSION
#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) ((a)*65536+(b)*256+(c))
#endif
/* Put data into the proc fs file.
Arguments
=========
1. The buffer where the data is to be inserted, if
you decide to use it.
2. A pointer to a pointer to characters. This is
useful if you don't want to use the buffer
allocated by the kernel.
3. The current position in the file.
4. The size of the buffer in the first argument.
5. Zero (for future use?).
Usage and Return Value
======================
If you use your own buffer, like I do, put its
location in the second argument and return the
number of bytes used in the buffer.
A return value of zero means you have no further
information at this time (end of file). A negative
return value is an error condition.
For More Information
====================
The way I discovered what to do with this function
wasn't by reading documentation, but by reading the
code which used it. I just looked to see what uses
the get_info field of proc_dir_entry struct (I used a
combination of find and grep, if you're interested),
and I saw that it is used in <kernel source
directory>/fs/proc/array.c.
If something is unknown about the kernel, this is
usually the way to go. In Linux we have the great
advantage of having the kernel source code for
free - use it.
*/
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2,4,0)
int procfile_read(char *buffer,
char **buffer_location, off_t offset,
int buffer_length, int *eof, void *data)
#else
int procfile_read(char *buffer,
char **buffer_location,
off_t offset,
int buffer_length,
int zero)
#endif
{
int len; /* The number of bytes actually used */
/* This is static so it will still be in memory
* when we leave this function */
static char my_buffer[80];
static int count = 1;
/* We give all of our information in one go, so if the
* user asks us if we have more information the
* answer should always be no.
*
* This is important because the standard read
* function from the library would continue to issue
* the read system call until the kernel replies
* that it has no more information, or until its
* buffer is filled.
*/
if (offset > 0)
return 0;
/* Fill the buffer and get its length */
len = sprintf(my_buffer,
"For the %d%s time, go away!\n", count,
(count % 100 > 10 && count % 100 < 14) ? "th" :
(count % 10 == 1) ? "st" :
(count % 10 == 2) ? "nd" :
(count % 10 == 3) ? "rd" : "th" );
count++;
/* Tell the function which called us where the
* buffer is */
*buffer_location = my_buffer;
/* Return the length */
return len;
}
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2,4,0)
struct proc_dir_entry *Our_Proc_File;
#else
struct proc_dir_entry Our_Proc_File =
{
0, /* Inode number - ignore, it will be filled by
* proc_register[_dynamic] */
4, /* Length of the file name */
"test", /* The file name */
S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, /* File mode - this is a regular
* file which can be read by its
* owner, its group, and everybody
* else */
1, /* Number of links (directories where the
* file is referenced) */
0, 0, /* The uid and gid for the file - we give it
* to root */
80, /* The size of the file reported by ls. */
NULL, /* functions which can be done on the inode
* (linking, removing, etc.) - we don't
* support any. */
(struct file_operations *) procfile_read, /* The read function for this file,
* the function called when somebody
* tries to read something from it. */
NULL /* We could have here a function to fill the
* file's inode, to enable us to play with
* permissions, ownership, etc. */
};
#endif
/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
int init_module()
{
/* Success if proc_register[_dynamic] is a success,
* failure otherwise. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
/* In version 2.2, proc_register assign a dynamic
* inode number automatically if it is zero in the
* structure , so there's no more need for
* proc_register_dynamic
*/
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2,4,0)
Our_Proc_File=create_proc_read_entry("test", 0444, NULL, procfile_read, NULL);
if ( Our_Proc_File == NULL )
return -ENOMEM;
else
return 0;
#else
return proc_register(&proc_root, &Our_Proc_File);
#endif
#else
return proc_register_dynamic(&proc_root, &Our_Proc_File);
#endif
/* proc_root is the root directory for the proc
* fs (/proc). This is where we want our file to be
* located.
*/
}
/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc */
void cleanup_module()
{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2,4,0)
remove_proc_entry("test", NULL);
#else
proc_unregister(&proc_root, Our_Proc_File.low_ino);
#endif
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");| [1] | 在 2.0 版本中，在 2.2 版本中，如果我们把 inode 设置为零，这会自动为我们完成。 |