第23章. 进程替换
通过管道传递标准输出一个命令的...到标准输入另一个命令是一种强大的技术。但是，如果你需要将标准输出多个命令的输出通过管道传递？ 这就是进程替换派上用场的地方。
进程替换 将一个 进程 (或多个进程) 的输出馈送到标准输入另一个进程的输入。
- 命令列表包含在括号内
>>(command_list)
<(command_list)
进程替换使用/dev/fd/<n>文件，将括号内进程的结果发送到另一个进程。 [1]
在 "<" 或 ">" 与括号之间 *没有* 空格。 如果有空格会产生错误消息。
bash$ echo >(true)
/dev/fd/63
bash$ echo <(true)
/dev/fd/63
bash$ echo >(true) <(true)
/dev/fd/63 /dev/fd/62
bash$ wc <(cat /usr/share/dict/linux.words)
483523 483523 4992010 /dev/fd/63
bash$ grep script /usr/share/dict/linux.words | wc
262 262 3601
bash$ wc <(grep script /usr/share/dict/linux.words)
262 262 3601 /dev/fd/63
|
 | Bash 创建一个带有两个 文件描述符 的管道，--fIn和fOut--。 true 的标准输入输出连接到fOut(dup2(fOut, 0))，然后 Bash 传递一个/dev/fd/fIn参数给 echo。 在缺少/dev/fd/<n>文件描述符的系统上，Bash 可能会使用临时文件。（感谢 S.C.） |
进程替换可以比较两个不同命令的输出，甚至可以比较同一命令不同选项的输出。
bash$ comm <(ls -l) <(ls -al)
total 12
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 78 Mar 10 12:58 File0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 42 Mar 10 12:58 File2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 103 Mar 10 12:58 t2.sh
total 20
drwxrwxrwx 2 bozo bozo 4096 Mar 10 18:10 .
drwx------ 72 bozo bozo 4096 Mar 10 17:58 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 78 Mar 10 12:58 File0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 42 Mar 10 12:58 File2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bozo bozo 103 Mar 10 12:58 t2.sh |
进程替换可以比较两个目录的内容 —— 查看哪些文件名在一个目录中，但不在另一个目录中。
diff <(ls $first_directory) <(ls $second_directory) |
进程替换的其他一些用法和用途
read -a list < <( od -Ad -w24 -t u2 /dev/urandom ) # Read a list of random numbers from /dev/urandom, #+ process with "od" #+ and feed into stdin of "read" . . . # From "insertion-sort.bash" example script. # Courtesy of JuanJo Ciarlante. |
PORT=6881 # bittorrent # Scan the port to make sure nothing nefarious is going on. netcat -l $PORT | tee>(md5sum ->mydata-orig.md5) | gzip | tee>(md5sum - | sed 's/-$/mydata.lz2/'>mydata-gz.md5)>mydata.gz # Check the decompression: gzip -d<mydata.gz | md5sum -c mydata-orig.md5) # The MD5sum of the original checks stdin and detects compression issues. # Bill Davidsen contributed this example #+ (with light edits by the ABS Guide author). |
cat <(ls -l) # Same as ls -l | cat sort -k 9 <(ls -l /bin) <(ls -l /usr/bin) <(ls -l /usr/X11R6/bin) # Lists all the files in the 3 main 'bin' directories, and sorts by filename. # Note that three (count 'em) distinct commands are fed to 'sort'. diff <(command1) <(command2) # Gives difference in command output. tar cf >(bzip2 -c > file.tar.bz2) $directory_name # Calls "tar cf /dev/fd/?? $directory_name", and "bzip2 -c > file.tar.bz2". # # Because of the /dev/fd/<n> system feature, # the pipe between both commands does not need to be named. # # This can be emulated. # bzip2 -c < pipe > file.tar.bz2& tar cf pipe $directory_name rm pipe # or exec 3>&1 tar cf /dev/fd/4 $directory_name 4>&1 >&3 3>&- | bzip2 -c > file.tar.bz2 3>&- exec 3>&- # Thanks, St�phane Chazelas |
这里有一种方法可以规避 echo 通过管道传递到在子shell中运行的 while-read 循环 的问题。
示例 23-1. 无需 fork 的代码块重定向
#!/bin/bash
# wr-ps.bash: while-read loop with process substitution.
# This example contributed by Tomas Pospisek.
# (Heavily edited by the ABS Guide author.)
echo
echo "random input" | while read i
do
global=3D": Not available outside the loop."
# ... because it runs in a subshell.
done
echo "\$global (from outside the subprocess) = $global"
# $global (from outside the subprocess) =
echo; echo "--"; echo
while read i
do
echo $i
global=3D": Available outside the loop."
# ... because it does NOT run in a subshell.
done < <( echo "random input" )
# ^ ^
echo "\$global (using process substitution) = $global"
# Random input
# $global (using process substitution) = 3D: Available outside the loop.
echo; echo "##########"; echo
# And likewise . . .
declare -a inloop
index=0
cat $0 | while read line
do
inloop[$index]="$line"
((index++))
# It runs in a subshell, so ...
done
echo "OUTPUT = "
echo ${inloop[*]} # ... nothing echoes.
echo; echo "--"; echo
declare -a outloop
index=0
while read line
do
outloop[$index]="$line"
((index++))
# It does NOT run in a subshell, so ...
done < <( cat $0 )
echo "OUTPUT = "
echo ${outloop[*]} # ... the entire script echoes.
exit $? |
示例 23-2. 将 进程替换 的输出重定向到循环中。
#!/bin/bash
# psub.bash
# As inspired by Diego Molina (thanks!).
declare -a array0
while read
do
array0[${#array0[@]}]="$REPLY"
done < <( sed -e 's/bash/CRASH-BANG!/' $0 | grep bin | awk '{print $1}' )
# Sets the default 'read' variable, $REPLY, by process substitution,
#+ then copies it into an array.
echo "${array0[@]}"
exit $?
# ====================================== #
bash psub.bash
#!/bin/CRASH-BANG! done #!/bin/CRASH-BANG! |
一位读者发来了以下关于进程替换的有趣示例。
# Script fragment taken from SuSE distribution:
# --------------------------------------------------------------#
while read des what mask iface; do
# Some commands ...
done < <(route -n)
# ^ ^ First < is redirection, second is process substitution.
# To test it, let's make it do something.
while read des what mask iface; do
echo $des $what $mask $iface
done < <(route -n)
# Output:
# Kernel IP routing table
# Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
# 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
# --------------------------------------------------------------#
# As St�phane Chazelas points out,
#+ an easier-to-understand equivalent is:
route -n |
while read des what mask iface; do # Variables set from output of pipe.
echo $des $what $mask $iface
done # This yields the same output as above.
# However, as Ulrich Gayer points out . . .
#+ this simplified equivalent uses a subshell for the while loop,
#+ and therefore the variables disappear when the pipe terminates.
# --------------------------------------------------------------#
# However, Filip Moritz comments that there is a subtle difference
#+ between the above two examples, as the following shows.
(
route -n | while read x; do ((y++)); done
echo $y # $y is still unset
while read x; do ((y++)); done < <(route -n)
echo $y # $y has the number of lines of output of route -n
)
More generally spoken
(
: | x=x
# seems to start a subshell like
: | ( x=x )
# while
x=x < <(:)
# does not
)
# This is useful, when parsing csv and the like.
# That is, in effect, what the original SuSE code fragment does. |