Linux 完整备份和恢复 HOWTO
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11. 脚本

请参阅每个脚本开头的注释，以了解其功能的摘要。

11.1. 第一阶段

11.1.1. make.fdisk

此脚本在备份时运行，创建类似于 make.dev.hda 和 mount.dev.x 的脚本（如下所示），供您在恢复时运行。它还会生成类似于 dev.hda 的数据文件（如下所示）。生成的脚本和数据文件的名称取决于作为参数提供给此脚本的设备。该脚本在恢复时运行，用于在硬盘驱动器上构建分区。make.fdisk从下面的 save.metadata 调用。

#! /usr/bin/perl

# A perl script to create a script and input file for fdisk to
# re-create the partitions on the hard disk, and format the Linux and
# Linux swap partitions. The first parameter is the fully qualified
# path of the device of the hard disk, e.g. /dev/hda. The two
# resulting files are the script make.dev.x and the data file dev.x
# (where x is the hard drive described, e.g. hda, sdc). make.dev.x is
# run at restore time to rebuild hard drive x, prior to running
# restore.metadata. dev.x is the input file for fdisk.

# Time-stamp: <2006-04-08 15:23:55 ccurley make.fdisk>

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley
# except for the subroutine cut2fmt.

# cut2fmt Copyright (c) 1998 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington and
# O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.  Permission is granted to use this code
# freely EXCEPT for book publication.  You may use this code for book
# publication only with the explicit permission of O'Reilly &
# Associates, Inc.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# In addition, as a special exception, Tom Christiansen, Nathan
# Torkington and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.  give permission to use
# the code of this program with the subroutine cut2fmt (or with
# modified versions of the subroutine cut2fmt that use the same
# license as the subroutine cut2fmt), and distribute linked
# combinations including the two.  You must obey the GNU General
# Public License in all respects for all of the code used other than
# the subroutine cut2fmt.  If you modify this file, you may extend
# this exception to your version of the file, but you are not
# obligated to do so.  If you do not wish to do so, delete this
# exception statement and the subroutine cut2fmt from your version.

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at
# http://www.fsf.org/

# Changes:

# 2006-04-08: Primitive LVM support. It is kludgy in that it uses
# first stage restoration distribution (finnix) specific code to turn
# LVM on and off, but otherwise seems to work.

# 2006-03-28: We have a problem if swap partitions have
# labels. There's no way to retrieve the label from a swap
# partition. If we have one & only one swap partition, then we can
# pull it out of /etc/fstab. Otherwise the user is on her own. We scan
# fstab for swap mount points that have labels for their devices. If
# there is one and only one, we assume that's it, otherwise pass.

# 2005-10-29: We now provide the geometry as an argument to fdisk
# (which does not work on tomsrtbt). We also save data for sfdisk, and
# write out make.dev.xxx so that it will use sfdisk if it finds it.

# 2005-08-14: Due to experience on Knoppix, we now add the code to
# change the partition types to the end of the fdisk input file
# instead of right after creating the partition.

# 2004 04 10: fdisk v > 2.11 has wider columns. Added code to select
# the appropriate cut string based on fdisk's version.

# 2004 04 09: Added support for Mandrake's idea of devfs. On Mandrake,
# everything is mounted with devfs. So the mount devices are buried
# deep in places like /dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 instead
# of places like /dev/hda1, where $DEITY intended they should be. We
# have to reverse from the long devfs device to the shorter old style
# that tomsrtbt uses. The alternative is to keep track in an array of
# which devfs device belongs to which short device.

# 2003 12 29: Changed the regex for detecting whether a file system is
# read-write in the code that builds the mount file(s). The old test
# does not work if mount returns multiple parameters in the 5th field,
# e.g. (rw,errors=remount-ro) on some debian systems. This regex
# assumes that the rw parameter is always listed first, which may not
# always be the case. If it fails, take out the '\('. Thanks to Pasi
# Oja-Nisula <pon at iki dot fi> for pointing this out.

# 2003 01 09: Added support for FAT32. We now create two scripts for
# each hard drive, make.dev.[as]dx and mount.dev.[as]dx. These create
# and make file systems on each partition, and make mount points and
# mount them.

# 2002 12 25: added support to handle W95 extended (LBA) (f) and W95
# FAT 32 partitions. I have tested this for primary but not logical
# partitions.

# 2002 09 08: Added minimal support for ext3fs. We now detect mounted
# ext3fs partitions & rebuild but with no options. The detection
# depends on the command line "dumpe2fs <device> 2>/dev/null | grep -i
# journal" producing no output for an ext2fs, and output (we don't
# care what) for an ext3fs.

# This could stand extension to support non-default ext3 options such
# as the type of journaling. Volunteers?

# 2002 07 25: Bad block checking is now a command line option (-c) at
# the time the product script is run.

# 2002 07 03: Corrected the mechanism for specifying the default
# drive.

# 2001 11 25: Changed the way mke2fs gets its bad block
# list. badblocks does not guess at the block size, so you have to get
# it (from dumpe2fs) and feed it to badblocks. It is simpler to just
# have mke2fs call badblocks, but you do loose the ability to have a
# writing test easily. -- C^2

# 2001 11 25: Changed the regex that extracts partition labels from
# the mount command. This change does not affect the results at all,
# it just makes it possible to use Emacs' perl mode to indent
# correctly. I just escaped the left bracket in the regex. -- C^2

# Discussion:

# fdisk will spit out a file of the form below if you run it as "fdisk
# -l".

# root@tester ~/bin $ fdisk -l /dev/hda

# Disk /dev/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 1023 cylinders
# Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

#    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System
# /dev/hda1             1         9     18112+  83  Linux
# /dev/hda2            10      1023   2044224    5  Extended
# /dev/hda5            10       368    723712+  83  Linux
# /dev/hda6           369       727    723712+  83  Linux
# /dev/hda7           728       858    264064+  83  Linux
# /dev/hda8           859       989    264064+  83  Linux
# /dev/hda9           990      1022     66496+  82  Linux swap

# What fdisk does not do is provide output suitable for later
# importing into fdisk, a la sfdisk. This script parses the output
# from fdisk and creates an input file for fdisk. Use the input file
# like so:

# fdisk /dev/hdx < dev.hdx

# For the bare metal restore package, this script also builds a script
# that will execute the above command so you can run it from your zip
# disk. Because the bare metal restore scripts all are in /root/bin,
# the data file and script created by this script are also placed
# there. The same script also creates appropriate Linux file systems,
# either ext2fs, or Linux swap. There is limited support for FAT12,
# FAT16 and FAT32. For anything else, you're on your own.

# Note for FAT32: According to the MS KB, there are more than one
# reserved sectors for FAT32, usually 32, but it can vary. Do a search
# in M$'s KB for "boot sector" or BPB for the gory details. For more
# info than you really need on how boot sectors are used, see
# http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q140/4/18.asp

# You can also edit dev.x to change the sizes of partitions. Don't
# forget, if you change the size of a FAT partition across the 32MB
# boundary, you need to change the type as well! Run "fdisk /dev/hda"
# or some such, then the l command to see the available partition
# types. Then go ahead and edit dev.x appropriately. Also, when moving
# partition boundarys with hand edits, make sure you move both logical
# and extended partition boundaries appropriately.

# Bad block checking right now is a quick read of the partition. A
# writing check is also possible but more difficult. You have to run
# badblocks as a separate command, and pass the bad block list to
# mke2fs in a file (in /tmp, which is a ram disk). You also have to
# know how large the blocks are, which you learn by running
# dumpe2fs. It gets messy and I haven't done it yet. You probably
# don't need it for a new hard drive, but if you have had a hard drive
# crash on you and you are reusing it (while you are waiting for its
# replacement to come in, I presume), then I highly recommend it. Let
# me know how you do it.

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# cut2fmt figures out the format string for the unpack function we use
# to slice and dice the output from fdisk. From Christiansen and
# Torkington, Perl Cookbook 5.

sub cut2fmt {
    my (@positions) = @_;
    my $template    = '';
    my $lastpos     = 1;

    foreach $place (@positions) {
        $template .= "A" . ($place - $lastpos) . " ";
        $lastpos = $place;
    }

    $template .= "A*";
    return $template;
}


# Sub gpl, a subroutine to ship the GPL and other header information
# to the current output file.

sub gpl {
    my $FILE = shift;
    my $year = shift;

    print $FILE <<FINIS;

# Copyright $year through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

FINIS

}

sub getBootSector {
    my $infile = $_[0];
    my $outfile = $_[1];

    $systemcmd = "dd if=$infile of=$outfile bs=512 count=1 &> /dev/null ";
    system ($systemcmd);
}


# If we have one & only one swap partition, then this must be
# it. Otherwise the user is on her own. We scan fstab for swap mount
# points that have labels for their devices. If there is one and only
# one, we assume that's it, otherwise pass.

sub getswaplabel {
    my $dev = $_[0];

    $fstabpid = open (FSTAB, "< /etc/fstab")
        or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
    while (defined (my $line = <FSTAB>)) {
        chop ($line);
        @fstabs = split (" ", $line);
        if (@fstabs[1] eq "swap") {
            $swaplabel = @fstabs[0];
            if ($swaplabel =~ /LABEL/) {
                $swaps++;
                $sl = substr ($swaplabel, 6);
            }
#           print ("\"@fstabs[0]\", \"@fstabs[1]\", \"$sl\", $swaps.\n");
            break;
        }
    }
    close (FSTAB);

#   print "label is $sl.\n";

    if ($swaps == 1) {
        $ret = "mkswap \$blockcheck -L $sl";
        $ret .= " $dev\n\n";
    } else {
        $ret = "mkswap \$blockcheck $dev\n\n";
    }

#   print ("Returning :$ret\n");

    return $ret;
}

# dolvm is a subroutine to handle LVM partitions. This is
# experimental....

$lvms = 0;			# true if we've been here before

sub dolvm {

    print ("In dolvm ()...\n");

    if ($lvms == 0) {
        $lvms = 1;

        # Scan /etc/fstab for the logical volumes and write a script to
        # make file systems on them and another to mount 'em later on.

        $mklvs = open (MKLVS, "> make.lvs")
            or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

        print MKLVS <<FINIS;
#! /bin/sh

# A script to create file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare
# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

        &gpl (*MKLVS, "2006");


        print MKLVS <<FINIS;

export blockcheck=\$1;

if [ "\$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "\$blockcheck" ]
then
    echo "\${0}: Build file systems on logical volumes."
    echo "\${0}: -c: block check during file system making."
    exit 1;
fi

export LVM_SYSTEM_DIR=\$(pwd)/lvm

FINIS

        $mtlvs = open (MTLVS, "> mount.lvs")
            or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

        print MTLVS <<FINIS;
#! /bin/sh

# A script to mount file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare
# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

        &gpl (*MTLVS, "2006");


        # Now cycle through all the known logical volumes & set them
        # up. N.B.: This has been tested on a machine with only one
        # LV. But it *should* work.

        $pvdisp = open (PVDISP, "pvdisplay -c |")
            or die ("Can't open LVM display.\n");
        while (defined (my $pv = <PVDISP>)) {
            chop ($pv);
            print ("$pv\n");
            @pv = split (":", $pv);
            $uid = @pv[11];
            $pvname = @pv[1];
            $phv = @pv[0];
            print ("pv $pvname has uid $uid.\n");

            # back up the LVM's lvm details. Get the config files.
            system ("vgcfgbackup -f LVM.backs.$pvname $pvname");

            print (MKLVS "echo \"y\\n\" | pvcreate -ff --uuid \"$uid\"\\\n");
            print (MKLVS "    --restorefile lvm/archive/${pvname}_*.vg $phv\n");
            print (MKLVS "vgcfgrestore --file LVM.backs.$pvname $pvname\n\n");
        }

        print (MKLVS "# Hideously disty dependent!\nif [ -e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then\n");
        print (MKLVS "    /etc/init.d/lvm start\nfi\n\n");

        $fstabpid = open (FSTAB, "< /etc/fstab")
            or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
        while (defined (my $line = <FSTAB>)) {
            chop ($line);
            @fstabs = split (" ", $line);
            if (@fstabs[0] =~ /VolGroup/ ) {
                #           print ("$line\n");
                if (@fstabs[2] eq "swap") {
                    print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0] a swap partition.\n");
                    print (MKLVS "mkswap \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");
                } elsif (@fstabs[2] == "ext3") {
                    print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0], @fstabs[1],");
					print (MKLVS " an ext3 partition.\n");
                    print (MKLVS "mke2fs -j \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");

                    print (MTLVS "mkdir -p /target$fstabs[1]\n");
                    print (MTLVS "mount @fstabs[0] /target$fstabs[1]\n\n");
                } elsif (@fstabs[2] == "ext2") {
                    print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0], @fstabs[1],");
					print (MKLVS " an ext2 partition.\n");
                    print (MKLVS "mke2fs \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");

                    print (MTLVS "mkdir -p /target$fstabs[1]\n");
                    print (MTLVS "mount @fstabs[0] /target$fstabs[1]\n\n");
                } else {
                    print ("Opps, unknown type of logical volume, @fstabs[0]\n");
                }
            }
        }
        print (MTLVS "mount | grep -i \"/target\"\n");

        close (FSTAB);
        close (MKLVS);
        close (MTLVS);

        chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}make.lvs";
        chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}mount.lvs";

        # Copy the LVM configuration to where we can get at it...

        system ("cp -rp /etc/lvm .");

    }

    print ("Leaving dolvm ()...\n");

    return ($ret);
}


# Begin main line code.

# Provide a default device.

# print "\$ARGV[0] is $ARGV[0].\n";

$device = defined ($ARGV[0]) ? $ARGV[0] : "/dev/hda";

# Need to check to see if $device is a sym link. If it is, the mount
# point is the target of the link. (Mandrake) Otherwise we search for
# mount points on $device. Fedora, Red Hat.

if ( -l $device) {

    # It is a sym link. Get the target of the link, then make it into
    # an absolute path, preserving the numbering.

    $mountdev = '/dev/' . readlink ($device);
    $mountdev =~ s|ide/host(\d+)/bus(\d+)/target(\d+)/lun(\d+)/disc
        |ide/host\1/bus\2/target\3/lun\4|x;
} else {
    # not a sym link; just assign it.
    $mountdev = $device;
}

# print "Device is $device; mount device is $mountdev.\n";

# Prepare format string. Here are two format strings I have found
# useful. Here, column numbers are 1 based, i.e. the leftmost column
# is column 1, not column 0 as in Emacs.

# We select a format string according to fdisk's version.

$fdpid = open (FDVER, "fdisk -v |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (<FDVER>) {
    @_ = unpack ("A7 A*", $_);
    $fdver=$_[1];
    $fdver =~ s/[^\d.]//g; # strip non-numbers, non-periods, as in "2.12pre".
}

# print "fdisk version is $fdver\n";

if ($fdver < 2.12) {
# fdisk to 2.11?? Red Hat, Fedora Core 1
    $fmt = cut2fmt (11, 19, 24, 34, 45, 49);
} else {
# fdisk 2.12 & up?? Mandrake 10.0, Fedora Core 2
    $fmt = cut2fmt (12, 14, 26, 38, 50, 55);
}
# print "Format string is $fmt.\n";

# define fields in the array @_.
$dev = 0;
$bootable = 1;
$firstcyl = 2;
$lastcyl = 3;
$parttype = 5;
$partstring = 6;

$target = "\/target";

$outputfilename = $device;
$outputfilename =~ s/\//./g;
$outputfilename = substr ($outputfilename, 1, 100);

$outputfilepath = "/root/bin/";


# Make a hash of the labels.
$mpid = open (MOUNT, "mount -l |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (<MOUNT>) {
    if ($_ =~ /^$mountdev/i) { # is this a line with a partition in it?
#       print $_;               # print it just for grins
        split;
        if ($_[6] ne "") {      # only process if there actually is a label
            $_[6] =~ s/[\[\]]//g; # strike [ and ].
            $labels{$_[0]} = $_[6];
#           print "The label of file device $_[0] is $labels{$_[0]}.\n";
        }


        # We only mount if it's ext2fs or ext3fs and read and write.

        if ($_[4] =~ /ext[23]/ and $_[5] =~ /\(rw/ ) {
            if ($_[0] =~ /ide/i) {

                # We have a devfs system, e.g. Mandrake. This code
                # converts back from the devfs designation to the old
                # /dev/hd* designation for tomsrtb. I have NOT checked
                # this out for drives other than /dev/hda. Also, this
                # code does not handle SCSI drives.

                if ( $_[0] =~ /target0/ && $_[0] =~ /bus0/ ) {
                    $letter = 'a';
                } elsif ( $_[0] =~ /target1/ && $_[0] =~ /bus0/) {
                    $letter = 'b';
                } elsif ( $_[0] =~ /target0/ && $_[0] =~ /bus1/) {
                    $letter = 'c';
                } else {
                    $letter = 'd';
                }
                $_[0] =~ s|/ide/host\d+/bus\d+/target\d+/lun\d+/part|/hd|g;
                $_[0] =~ s/hd/hd$letter/;
            }
            $mountpoints{$_[2]} = $_[0];
#             print "$_[2] is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt";
#             print " device $mountpoints{$_[2]}.\n";
        }
    }
}
close (MOUNT);

# Get sfdisk output. If we have sfdisk at restore time (e.g. Knoppix),
# we'll use it.

system "sfdisk -d $device > $outputfilepath${outputfilename}.sfd";

# Otherwise we'll use the output from fdisk, which may or may not be
# any more accurate.

$fpid = open (FDISK, "fdisk -l $device |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

open (OUTPUT, "> $outputfilepath${outputfilename}")
    or die "Couldn't open output file $outputfilepath${outputfilename}.\n";

while (<FDISK>) {
    if ($_ =~ /^$device/i) {    # is this a line with a partition in it?
#       print $_;               # print it just for grins
        chop;                   # kill trailing \r
        @_ = unpack ($fmt, $_);

        # Now strip white spaces from cylinder numbers, white space &
        # leading plus signs from partition type.
        @_[$firstcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//;
        @_[$lastcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//;
        @_[$parttype] =~ s/[+ \t]+//;

        $partnumber = substr(@_[$dev], 8, 10); # get partition number for this line
        # just for grins
#         print "  $partnumber, @_[$firstcyl], @_[$lastcyl],";
#         print " @_[$parttype], @_[$partstring]\n";

        # Here we start creating the input to recreate the partition
        # this line represents.

        print OUTPUT "n\n";
        if ($partnumber < 5) {
            # primary Linux partition
            if (@_[$parttype] == 83) {
                print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                # in case it's all on one cylinder
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }

                # Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling)
                # partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the
                # partition and grepping on "journal". If the
                # partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is
                # ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to
                # set a command line switch. The command line switch
                # goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't
                # have to remember to reset it to the null string when
                # we're done.

                $dpid = open (DUMPE2FS,
                              "dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep -i journal |")
                    or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
                while (<DUMPE2FS>) {
#                   print "Dumpe2fs: $_";
                    $ext3{$_[$dev]} = "-j ";
                    last;
                }
                close (DUMPE2FS);

                if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
                    $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                    $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck";
                    $format .= " -L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n";
                } else {
                    $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                    $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n";
                }

                # extended partition
            } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 5) {
                # print ("Creating Extended Partition.\n");
                print OUTPUT "e\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }

                # extended partition, Win95 Ext'd (LBA)
            } elsif (@_[$parttype] eq "f") {
                # print ("Creating Extended LBA Partition.\n");
                print OUTPUT "e\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\nf\n";

                # primary Linux swap partition
            } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82) {
                print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n82\n";
                $format .= "echo\necho Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n";
                if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
                    $format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck -L $labels{@_[$dev]}";
                    $format .= " @_[$dev]\n\n";
                } else {
                    $format .= getswaplabel (@_[$dev]);
                }

                # Primary mess-dos partition. We don't handle hidden
                # partitions.

            } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6
                      || @_[$parttype] eq "b" || @_[$parttype] eq "c"
                      || @_[$parttype] eq "e" ) {
                # print ("Making DOS primary partition.\n");

                getBootSector (@_[$dev], "$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber");

                print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                # in case it's all on one cylinder
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }

                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
                $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                $format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck";
                if ( @_[$parttype] == b || @_[$parttype] == c) {
                    # We have a W9x FAT32 partition. Add a command line switch.
                    $format .= " -F 32";
                }
                $format .= " @_[$dev]\n";
                $format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n";
                $format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber";
                $format .= " of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n";

            } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == "8e") {
                $format .= dolvm ();
            } else {
                # anything else partition
                print OUTPUT "p\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
            }

        } else {
            # logical Linux partition
            if (@_[$parttype] == 83) {
                print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }

                # Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling)
                # partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the
                # partition and grepping on "journal". If the
                # partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is
                # ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to
                # set a command line switch. The command line switch
                # goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't
                # have to remember to reset it to the null string when
                # we're done.

                $dpid = open (DUMPE2FS,
                              "dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep -i journal |")
                    or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
                while (<DUMPE2FS>) {
#                   print "Dumpe2fs: $_";
                    $ext3{$_[$dev]} = "-j ";
                    last;
                }
                close (DUMPE2FS);

                if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
                    $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                    $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck";
                    $format .= " -L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n";
                } else {
                    $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                    $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n";
                }

                # logical Linux swap partition
            } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82 ) {
                print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n82\n";
                $format .= "echo\necho Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n";
                if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
                    $format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck -L $labels{@_[$dev]}";
                    $format .= " @_[$dev]\n\n";
                } else {
                    $format .= getswaplabel (@_[$dev]);
                }

                # Logical mess-dos partition. We don't handle hidden
                # partitions.

            } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6
                      || @_[$parttype] eq "b" || @_[$parttype] eq "c"
                      || @_[$parttype] eq "e" ) {
#               print ("Making DOS logical partition.\n");

                getBootSector (@_[$dev], "$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber");

                print OUTPUT "l\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                # in case it's all on one cylinder
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
                $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
                $format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck";
                if ( @_[$parttype] == b || @_[$parttype] == c) {
                    # We have a W9x FAT32 partition. Add a command line switch.
                    $format .= " -F 32";
                }
                $format .= " @_[$dev]\n";
                $format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n";
                $format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber";
                $format .= " of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n";

            } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == "8e") {
                $format .= dolvm ();
            } else {
                # anything else partition
                print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
                if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
                    print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
                }
                $typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
            }
        }

        # handle bootable partitions
        if (@_[$bootable] =~ /\*/) {
            print OUTPUT "a\n$partnumber\n";
        }
    } else {
        # If we got here, the current line does not have a partition in it.

        # Get the geometry for fdisk. Force fdisk to use the current
        # geometry at restoration time. Comment this out for
        # tomstrbt's fdisk; it doesn't like it.

        if ($_ =~ /heads.*sectors.*cylinders/i) {
#           print $_;               # again, for grins.
            chop;
            @geometry = split (/ /, $_);
            $geometry = "-H $geometry[0] -S $geometry[2] -C $geometry[4]";
#           print $geometry;
        }
    }
}

# Append all the partition type changes, validate, and print out the
# results.

print OUTPUT "${typechanges}v\nw\n";

close (OUTPUT);
close (FDISK);


open (OUTPUT, "> ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename")
    or die "Couldn't open output file ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename.\n";

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;
#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format
# the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script
# make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*OUTPUT, "2001");

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

swapoff -a
# Hideously disty dependent!
if [ -e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then
    /etc/init.d/lvm stop
fi

export blockcheck=\$1;

if [ "\$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "\$blockcheck" ]
then
    echo "\${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
    echo "\${0}: -c: block check during file system making."
    exit 1;
fi

FINIS

# Clean the old partition table out. Turn off swap in case we're using
# it.

print OUTPUT "dd if=/dev/zero of=$device bs=512 count=2\n\nsync\n\n";


# command for fdisk

$fdiskcmd .= "# see if we have sfdisk & if so use it.\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "if which sfdisk ; then\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "  echo \"Using sfdisk.\"\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "  sfdisk --force $geometry $device < ${outputfilename}.sfd\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "else\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "  echo \"using fdisk.\"\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "  fdisk $geometry $device \< $outputfilename\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "fi\n\nsync\n\n";


print OUTPUT $fdiskcmd;
print OUTPUT $format;

print OUTPUT "fdisk -l \"$device\"\n";

close (OUTPUT);

# Now build the script that will build the mount points on the root
# and other partitions.

open (OUTPUT, "> ${outputfilepath}mount.$outputfilename")
    or die "Couldn't open output file ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename.\n";

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;
#! /bin/sh

# A script to create a minimal directory tree on the target hard drive
# and mount the partitions on it. Created at bare metal backup time by
# the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*OUTPUT, "2001");

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive
# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order. The root partition should
# be mounted first, then the rest in the order they cascade. If they
# cross mount, you'll have to handle that manually.

FINIS


# We have a hash of mount points and devices in %mountpoints. However,
# we have to process them such that directories are built on the
# appropriate target partition. E.g. where /usr/local is on its own
# partition, we have to mount /usr before we build /usr/local. We can
# ensure this by sorting them. Shorter mount point paths will be built
# first. We can't sort a hash directly, so we use an array.

# We build commands to create the appropriate mount points and then
# mount the partitions to the mount points. This is in preparation for
# untarring the contents of the ZIP disk, done in restore.metadata.

foreach $point ( sort keys %mountpoints) {
    print OUTPUT "\n# $point is the mountpoint for";
    print OUTPUT " tomsrtbt device $mountpoints{$point}.\n";
    print OUTPUT "mkdir -p $target$point\n";
    print OUTPUT "mount $mountpoints{$point} $target$point\n";
}

print OUTPUT "\nmount | grep -i \"/target\"\n";

close (OUTPUT);

# These scripts are dangerous & should only be visible to root.

chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename";
chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}mount.$outputfilename";
chmod 0600, "${outputfilepath}${outputfilename}*";

11.1.2. make.dev.hda

此脚本是 make.fdisk（如上所述）生成的脚本示例。它使用类似于 dev.hda 的数据文件（如下所示）。它构建分区并在其中一些分区上放置文件系统。这是恢复时运行的第一个脚本。

如果您足够勇敢去编辑 dev.hda（请参阅），例如，添加新分区，您可能还需要编辑此脚本。

如果您希望 make.dev.hda 在分区上放置文件系统时检查坏块，请使用 "-c" 命令行选项。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format
# the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script
# make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.


export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "$blockcheck" ]
then
    echo "${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
    echo "${0}: -c: block check during file system making."
    exit 1;
fi

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=2

swapoff -a
sync

# see if we have sfdisk & if so use it.
if which sfdisk ; then
  echo "Using sfdisk."
  sfdisk  -H 128 -S 63 -C 523 /dev/hda < dev.hda.sfd
else
  echo "using fdisk."
  fdisk  -H 128 -S 63 -C 523 /dev/hda < dev.hda
fi

sync

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda1
mkdosfs $blockcheck /dev/hda1
# restore FAT boot sector.
dd if=dev.hda1 of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda2
mke2fs -j $blockcheck -L /boot /dev/hda2

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda3
mke2fs -j $blockcheck -L / /dev/hda3

echo Making /dev/hda5 a swap partition.
mkswap $blockcheck /dev/hda5

fdisk -l "/dev/hda"

11.1.3. make.lvs

make.lvs由 make.fdisk 生成，但仅当存在逻辑卷时才生成。顾名思义，它构建逻辑卷并在其上创建文件系统。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare
# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2006 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.


export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "$blockcheck" ]
then
    echo "${0}: Build file systems on logical volumes."
    echo "${0}: -c: block check during file system making."
    exit 1;
fi

export LVM_SYSTEM_DIR=$(pwd)/lvm.cfg

echo "y\n" | pvcreate -ff --uuid "CCmw0N-0We2-HzRS-jRZa-FkC7-NxTc-oAfvpX"\
     --restorefile lvm.cfg/archive/VolGroup00_*.vg   /dev/hda3
vgcfgrestore --file LVM.backs VolGroup00

# Hideously disty dependent!
if [ -e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then
     /etc/init.d/lvm start
fi

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 an ext3 partition.
mke2fs -j $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 an ext3 partition.
mke2fs -j $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 a swap partition.
mkswap $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01

11.1.4. mount.dev.hda

此脚本是 make.fdisk（如上所述）生成的脚本示例。它构建挂载点并将分区挂载到这些挂载点上，使目标文件系统准备好用于恢复文件。这是恢复时运行的第二个脚本。

如果您足够勇敢去编辑 dev.hda（请参阅），例如，添加新分区，您可能还需要编辑此脚本。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create a minimal directory tree on the target hard drive
# and mount the partitions on it. Created at bare metal backup time by
# the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.


# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive
# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order. The root partition should
# be mounted first, then the rest in the order they cascade. If they
# cross mount, you'll have to handle that manually.


# / is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt device /dev/hda3.
mkdir /target/
mount /dev/hda3 /target/

# /boot is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt device /dev/hda2.
mkdir /target/boot
mount /dev/hda2 /target/boot

mount | grep -i "/dev/hda"

11.1.5. mount.lvs

mount.lvs由 make.fdisk 生成，但仅当存在逻辑卷时才生成。顾名思义，它挂载逻辑卷，为恢复做好准备。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to mount file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare
# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2006 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

mkdir -p /target/
mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /target/

mkdir -p /target/home
mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 /target/home

mount | grep -i "/target"

11.1.6. dev.hda

此数据文件在恢复时使用。它由脚本 make.dev.hda 提供给 fdisk。它在备份时由 make.fdisk 生成。熟悉 fdisk 的人会认识到，每一行都是一个 fdisk 命令或值，例如柱面号。因此，可以通过编辑此文件来更改分区大小和添加新分区。这就是倒数第二个命令是 v 的原因，用于在写入之前验证分区表。

n
p
1
1
29
a
1
n
p
2
30
44
n
e
3
45
1023
n
l
45
944
n
l
945
1023
t
1
6
t
6
82
v
w

11.1.7. save.metadata

这是作为备份过程一部分运行的第一个脚本。它调用上面的 make.fdisk。如果您有 SCSI 硬盘驱动器或多个硬盘驱动器要备份，请适当地编辑对 make.fdisk 的调用。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to save certain meta-data off to the boot partition. Useful for
# restoration.

# Time-stamp: <2006-04-05 20:37:09 ccurley save.metadata>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification, Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at
# http://www.fsf.org/

# 2006-03-26: had a deprecated option in the sort options; fixed that.

# 2005-09-09: Added a line to create a boot disk ISO in the ZIP drive.

# 2005-08-30: Modernized sub-shell calls, a few other tweaks.

# 2005-07-29: Fedora Core 4 mods. Name of the directory to be saved
# has to be last. Also, we now specify --numeric-owner so as to avoid
# UID problems when using some live CD systems. And we now save to
# /var instead of a mounted ZIP disk.

# 2005-02-19: Fedora Core 3 mods.

# 2003 01 08: We now age the output from rpm -VA to make back
# comparisons easier.

# The loop that creates directories now has the -p option for mkdir,
# which means you can create parents on the fly if they don't already
# exist.

# initrd is now in the list of directories to create automatically.

# We now exclude more stuff when building the tarballs.

# 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller
# results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general
# code cleanup.

# 2002 07 01: The function crunch will tar and BZIP2 the
# archives. This is cleaner than the old code, and has better safety
# checking.


# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.


# Crunch: A function to compress the contents of a directory and put
# the archive onto the ZIP disk.

# The first parameter is the name of the archive file to be
# created. The backup location, $zip, will be prepended and the
# extension, "tar.bz2" will be appended.

# All following parameters will be taken as additional directories or
# files to be put into the archive.

function crunch {

if [ -z "$1" ] || [ -z "$2" ]	# Checks if parameter #1 or #2 is zero length.
then
   echo "-Parameter #1 or #2 is missing.-"  # Also if no parameter is passed.
   return 1
else
   local file=$1		# The archive file to create
   shift			# Discard the file name
   local dirs=$@		# The director[y|ies] to archive
   local tarcmd="tar --numeric-owner -cjf"	# The tar command.

   local tarit="$tarcmd  $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs"
   echo $tarit
   $tarit			# do it!!

   error=$?			# Preserve the exit code

   if [ $error != 0 ]		# Did we fail?
   then				# Yes
      echo "Tar failed with error $error"
      echo $tarcmd $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs
      exit $error		# return tar's exit code as ours
   fi

   return 0			# For error testing if needed.
fi
}

# Begin the main line code
export zip="/var/bare.metal";	# Where we will put archives. Not the ZIP drive here.
#  export save="/mnt/save";

RPMVABACKS=/etc			# where we keep our backups
RPMVAROOT=rpmVa			# The root name of the pg backups
ANC=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.anc	# name for the oldest (ancient) backup
OLD=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.old	# name for the middling oldest backup
NEW=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.txt	# name for the newest backup

if [ -f ${ANC} ]; then
echo "Deleting ${ANC}"
rm ${ANC}
fi

if [ -f ${OLD} ]; then
echo "Aging ${OLD}"
mv ${OLD} ${ANC}
fi

if [ -f ${NEW} ]; then
echo "Aging ${NEW}"
mv ${NEW} ${OLD}
fi


# Now we save hard drive information. Run make.fdisk on each hard
# drive in the order in which it mounted from the root partition. That
# is, run it first on the hard drive with your root partition, then
# any hard drives that mount to the first hard drive, then any hard
# drives that mount to those. For example, if your root partition is
# on /dev/sdc, run "make.fdisk /dev/sdc" first.

# The reason for this is that make.fdisk produces a script to make
# mount points and then mount the appropriate partition to them during
# first stage restore. Mount points must be created on the partition
# where they will reside. The partitions must be mounted in this
# order. For example, if your /var and /var/ftp are both separate
# partitions, then you must mount /, create /var, then mount /var,
# then create /var/ftp. The order in which the script "first.stage"
# runs the mounting scripts is based on their time of creation.

# If necessary, put a line, "sleep 1" between calls to make.fdisk.

echo "Saving hard drive info"
make.fdisk /dev/hda

# back up RPM metadata

echo "Verifying RPMs."

rpm -Va | sort -t ' ' -k 3 | uniq > ${NEW}

echo "Finished verifying RPMs; now mounting the ZIP drive."

# Make sure we have the ZIP drive mounted.
# umount $zip
# modprobe ppa			# Driver for 100MB parallel port ZIP disk
# mount $zip			# It should have ext2fs on partition 1.

# clean it all out
# rm -r $zip/*
# mkdir -p $zip/lost+found

# Since we aren't saving to ZIP disk, we age the local copy.
rm -r $zip.old
mv $zip $zip.old
mkdir $zip

echo -e "$(hostname) bare metal ZIP disk, created $(date)" > $zip/README.txt
uname -a >> $zip/README.txt

# Preserve the release information. Tested with Red Hat/Fedora, should
# work with SuSE, Mandrake and other RPM based systems. Debian
# equivalent, anyone?

for releasefile in $(ls /etc/*release*) ; do
  # echo $releasefile
  if [ -e $releasefile ] && [ ! -L $releasefile ] ; then
    cat $releasefile >> $zip/README.txt
  fi
done

echo "Building the ZIP drive backups."

# These are in case we need to refer to them while rebuilding. The
# rebuilding process should be mostly automated, but you never
# know....

fdisk -l /dev/hda > $zip/fdisk.hda

ls -al /mnt > $zip/ls.mnt.txt
ls -al / > $zip/ls.root.txt

cd /

# Build our minimal archives on the ZIP disk. These appear to be
# required so we can restore later on.

crunch root --exclude root/.cpan --exclude root/.mozilla --exclude root/down root
crunch boot boot
crunch etc --exclude etc/samba --exclude etc/X11 --exclude etc/gconf etc
crunch lib lib

crunch usr.sbin usr/sbin
crunch usr.bin --exclude usr/bin/emacs-x --exclude usr/bin/emacs-21.4-x\
 --exclude usr/bin/emacsclient --exclude usr/bin/emacs-nox --exclude\
  usr/bin/gs --exclude usr/bin/pine --exclude usr/bin/gimp-1.2\
   --exclude usr/bin/doxygen --exclude usr/bin/postgres --exclude\
    usr/bin/gdb --exclude usr/bin/kmail --exclude usr/bin/splint\
	 --exclude usr/bin/odbctest --exclude usr/bin/php --exclude \
	 usr/bin/xchat --exclude usr/bin/gnucash --exclude usr/bin/pdfetex\
	  --exclude usr/bin/pdftex --exclude usr/bin/smbcacls\
	   --exclude usr/bin/evolution-calendar --exclude usr/bin/xpdf\
	    --exclude usr/bin/xmms usr/bin
crunch sbin sbin
crunch bin bin
crunch dev dev

# RH8. Fedora 1 puts them in /lib
# crunch kerberos usr/kerberos/lib/

# Now optional saves.

# arkeia specific:
# crunch arkeia usr/knox

# save these so we can use ssh for restore. *crack* for RH 7.0 login
# authentication.
# RH 8.0
# crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libssl* usr/lib/libcrypto*
# Fedora 1
# crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libwrap*\
#  usr/lib/libk* usr/lib/*krb5* /usr/lib/libgss*
# Fedora 3
crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libwrap*\
 usr/lib/libk* usr/lib/*krb5* usr/lib/libgss*

# Grub requires these at installation time.
crunch usr.share.grub usr/share/grub

# save the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will
# use to restore it.
mkdir $zip/root.bin
cp -p /root/bin/* $zip/root.bin
rm $zip/root.bin/*~ $zip/root.bin/#*#

echo "Testing our results."
find $zip -iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 -t

# Not a normal part of the process: we duplicate the ZIP disk onto an
# NFS mount elsewhere.

#  echo "Backing the ZIP drive to the NFS mount."

#  umount $save
#  mount $save

#  rm -r $save/zip
#  mkdir -p $save/zip
#  cp -pr $zip $save

# Since we're doing system stuff anyway, make a boot disk ISO image
# suitable for burning. It uses the current kernel.

mkbootdisk --iso --device $zip/bootdisk.$(uname -r).iso $(uname -r)

du -hs ${zip}*
df -m

11.1.8. restore.metadata

此脚本从 ZIP 磁盘恢复元数据，作为第一阶段恢复。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the meta-data from the ZIP disk. This runs under
# tomsrtbt only after partitions have been rebuilt, file systems made,
# and mounted. It also assumes the ZIP disk has already been
# mounted. Mounting the ZIP disk read only is probably a good idea.

# Time-stamp: <2006-04-05 20:36:49 ccurley restore.metadata>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# 2005-08-03: We now use a relative path, so you can load from
# different places depending on the first stage system you are
# using. Also added some FC4 tricks, and some changes to better
# reproduce the permissions and ownerships.

# 2003 08 23: Oops: tar on tomsrtbt does not respect -p. Try setting
# umask to 0000 instead.

# 2003 02 13: Tar was not preserving permissions on restore. Fixed
# that.

# 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller
# results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general
# code cleanup.

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

umask 0000

cd ..               # Assume we are in root.bin
zip=$(pwd);         # Where we mount the zip drive.
target="/target";       # Where the hard drive to restore is mounted.

ls -lt $zip/*.bz2       # Warm fuzzies for the user.

cd $target

# Restore the archived metadata files.
for archive in $( ls $zip/*.bz2 ); do
  echo $archive
  ls -al $archive
  bzip2 -dc $archive | tar -xf -
done

# Build the mount points for our second stage restoration and other
# things.

# If you boot via an initrd, make sure you build a directory here so
# the kernel can mount the initrd at boot. tmp/.font-unix is for the
# xfs font server.

for dir in mnt/dosc mnt/zip mnt/imports mnt/nfs proc initrd tmp/.font-unix\
 var/empty/sshd var/log back selinux sys /var/cache/yum /var/lock; do
  mkdir -p $target/$dir
done

for dir in mnt usr usr/share $(ls -d var/*) selinux usr/lib var var/cache/yum; do
  chmod go-w $target/$dir
done

chown root:lock /var/lock
chmod 775 /var/lock

# [root@jhereg /]# ll -d mnt usr usr/share  $(ls -d var/*) selinux usr/lib var var/cache/yum
# drwxr-xr-x   4 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:55 mnt
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:41 selinux
# drwxr-xr-x  14 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:46 usr
# drwxr-xr-x  40 root    root    12288 Oct 10 10:40 usr/lib
# drwxr-xr-x  63 root    root     4096 Oct 10 11:11 usr/share
# drwxr-xr-x  20 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:52 var
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:51 var/account
# drwxr-xr-x   4 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/cache
# drwxr-xr-x   4 root    root     4096 Oct 10 10:44 var/cache/yum
# drwxr-xr-x   3 netdump netdump  4096 Aug 22 13:13 var/crash
# drwxr-xr-x   3 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:51 var/db
# drwxr-xr-x   3 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:52 var/empty
# drwxr-xr-x  13 root    root     4096 Oct 10 11:11 var/lib
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 May 22 22:28 var/local
# drwxrwxr-x   4 root    lock     4096 Sep  1 08:37 var/lock
# drwxr-xr-x   7 root    root     4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/log
# lrwxrwxrwx   1 root    root       10 Oct 10 08:42 var/mail -> spool/mail
# drwxr-x---   4 root    named    4096 Aug 22 14:33 var/named
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 May 22 22:28 var/nis
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 May 22 22:28 var/opt
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 May 22 22:28 var/preserve
# drwxr-xr-x   2 root    root     4096 Mar 28  2005 var/racoon
# drwxr-xr-x  13 root    root     4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/run
# drwxr-xr-x  13 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/spool
# drwxrwxrwt   2 root    root     4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/tmp
# drwxr-xr-x   3 root    root     4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/yp

# chmod a-w $target/proc        # Restore /proc's read-only permissions

# Set modes
chmod 0111 $target/var/empty/sshd

# For Fedora. First two for xfs.
# chroot $target chown xfs:xfs /tmp/.font-unix
# chmod 1777 $target/tmp/.font-unix # set the sticky bit.
chmod 1777 $target/tmp

# Restore the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will
# use to restore it. These should be the latest & greatest in case we had
# to do any editing during 1st stage restore.
cp -p $zip/root.bin/* $target/root/bin

# Now install the boot sector.
# chroot $target /sbin/lilo -C /etc/lilo.conf
chroot $target /sbin/grub-install /dev/hda

df -m

11.1.9. first.stage

此脚本在没有操作员干预的情况下运行整个第一阶段恢复。

如果您希望在分区上放置文件系统时检查坏块，请使用 "-c" 命令行选项。

#! /bin/sh

# A master script to run the other, detailed scripts. Use this script
# only if you want no human intervention in the restore process. The
# only option is -c, which forces bad block checking during formatting
# of the partitions.

# Time-stamp: <2006-04-05 20:35:39 ccurley first.stage>

# Copyright 2002 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# 2005-08-07 We no longer assume the working directory. This is
# because the working directory will vary greatly according to which
# Linux disty you use and how you are doing your restoration.

export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "$blockcheck" ]
then
    echo "${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
    echo "${0}: -c: block check during file system making."
    exit 1;
fi

for drive in $( ls make.dev.* ); do
    echo $drive$'\a'
    sleep 2
    ./$drive $blockcheck;
done

# If there are any LVM volumes, now is the time to restore them.

if [ -e LVM.backs ] && [ -e make.lvs ] && [ -e mount.lvs ]
then
    echo make.lvs$'\a'
    sleep 2
    ./make.lvs

    echo mount.lvs$'\a'
    ./mount.lvs
fi


# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive
# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order, which the loop below may
# not do. The root partition should be mounted first, then the rest in
# the order they cascade. If they cross mount, you'll have to handle
# that manually. If you have LVMs to deal with, that's a whole 'nother
# kettle of fish.

# The "ls -tr" will list the scripts in the order they are created, so
# it might be a good idea to create them (in the script save.metadata)
# in the order in which you should run them.

for drive in $( ls -tr mount.dev.* ); do
    echo $drive$'\a'
    sleep 2
    ./$drive;
done

./restore.metadata

# People who are really confident may comment this line in.
# reboot

11.2. 第二阶段

这些脚本在正在备份或恢复的计算机上运行。

11.2.1. back.up.all

此脚本通过 NFS 挂载保存到另一台计算机。您可以调整它以保存到磁带驱动器或其他介质。

#! /bin/sh

# Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this
# work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote computer we
# can nfs mount as /mnt/save.

# Time-stamp: <2003-04-24 09:56:05 ccurley back.up.all>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/mnt/save"

# Make sure it's there
umount $save
mount $save

cd /

rm $save/tester.tar.old.gz
mv $save/tester.tar.gz $save/tester.tar.old.gz

# save everything except /mnt, /proc, and nfs mounted directories.

time tar cf - / --exclude /mnt --exclude /proc --exclude $save\
    | gzip -c > $save/tester.tar.gz

11.2.2. back.up.all.ssh

此脚本的功能与 back.up.all 完全相同，但它使用 ssh 而不是 nfs。

#! /bin/sh

# Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this
# work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote
# computer. This version uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses
# using bz2. This means this script has to know more about the other
# computer, which does not make for good modularization.

# Time-stamp: <2003-04-24 09:56:52 ccurley back.up.all.ssh>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/backs/tester"
backup_server="charlesc"

# rotate the old backups. Do it all in one line to minimze authentication overhead.
ssh $backup_server "rm $save/tester.tar.old.bz2; mv $save/tester.tar.bz2 \
    $save/tester.tar.old.bz2"

# save everything except /mnt, /proc, and squid directories.

time tar cf - / --exclude /mnt --exclude /proc --exclude /var/spool/squid\
    | ssh $backup_server "bzip2 -9 > $save/tester.tar.bz2"

11.2.3. restore.all

如果您使用 back.up.all 进行备份，则使用此恢复脚本。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data from an nfs mount. This is our final
# stage restore.

# Time-stamp: <2003-04-24 09:58:51 ccurley restore.all>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

export save="/mnt/save"

mount $save

cd /
gunzip -dc $save/tester.tar.gz | tar -xpkf -

rm /var/run/*.pid

lilo

11.2.4. restore.all.ssh

如果您使用 back.up.all.ssh 进行备份，则使用此恢复脚本。

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data using ssh and bunzip2. This is
# our final stage restore.

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# Time-stamp: <2003-04-24 09:59:10 ccurley restore.all.ssh>

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/backs/tester/"
backup_server="charlesc"

cd /

ssh $backup_server "cat $save/tester.tar.bz2" | bunzip2 | tar -xpkf -

rm /var/run/*.pid

lilo

11.3. 备份服务器脚本

上面的 ssh 脚本可能存在安全问题。如果您在防火墙上运行它们，则防火墙必须通过 ssh 访问备份服务器。在这种情况下，聪明的黑客也可能能够破解备份服务器。在备份服务器上运行备份和恢复脚本，并让备份服务器访问防火墙会更安全。这些脚本就是为此而设的。将它们重命名为get.x和restore.x其中x是目标计算机的名称。编辑它们（变量 $target 的初始化）以使用目标计算机的主机名，或重写它们以使用命令行参数。

这些脚本完整地备份和恢复目标，而不仅仅是第一阶段备份和恢复。另请注意get.tester也备份 ZIP 磁盘，以防您需要更换故障的 ZIP 磁盘。

我经常使用这些脚本。

11.3.1. get.tester

#! /bin/sh

# Back up another computer's drive to this system. To make this work,
# we need a convenient chunk of disk space on this computer. This
# version uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses using bz2. This
# version was developed so that the system to be backed up won't be
# authenticated to log onto the backup computer. This script is
# intended to be used on a firewall. You don't want the firewall to be
# authenticated to the backup system in case the firewall is cracked.

# Time-stamp: <2006-04-05 20:36:00 ccurley get.tester>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# 2004 04 03: added /sys to the list of excludes. It is a read-only
# pseudo-file system like /proc.

# 2002 07 01: We now set the path on the target to the zip drive with
# a variable. This fixes a bug in the command to eject the zip disk.

# 2002 07 01: The zip disk archives are now in bzip2 format, so this
# script has been changed to reflect that.


# The host name of the computer to be backed up.
target=tester
#zip=/mnt/zip
export zip="/var/bare.metal";	# Where we will put archives. Not the ZIP drive here.

echo Backing up $target

echo Aging the ZIP disk backups.

rm -r $target.old.zip

mv $target.zip $target.old.zip

# ssh $target "modprobe ppa ; mount -r $zip"

echo Copying the ZIP disk.

# -r for recursive copy, -p to preserve times and permissions, -q for
# quiet: no progress meter.

scp -qpr $target:$zip $target.zip

du -hs $target.*zip


echo Aging the archives

rm $target.tar.old.bz2

mv $target.tar.bz2 $target.tar.old.bz2

echo Cleaning out old yum packages
ssh $target "yum clean packages"

echo Backing up $target to the backup server.

# The "--anchored" option is there to prevent --exclude from excluding
# all files with that name. E.g. we only want to exclude /sys, not
# some other sys elsewhere in the file system.

ssh $target "cd / ; tar -cf - --anchored --exclude sys --exclude $zip\
 --exclude $zip.old --exclude mnt --exclude proc --exclude var/spool/squid\
 *" | bzip2 -9 | cat > $target.tar.bz2

# ssh $target "eject $zip"

echo Testing the results.
find . -iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 -t

11.3.2. restore.tester

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data to tester via ssh. This is our final
# stage restore.

# Time-stamp: <2003-04-24 09:59:45 ccurley restore.tester>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# The host name of the computer to be restored.

target=tester

bunzip2 -dc $target.tar.bz2 | ssh $target "cd / ; tar -xpkf - "

ssh $target lilo
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